タイにおける大麻およびヘンプに関する新しい法案
2022年6月9日、タイでは大麻とヘンプが麻薬法の規制対象から除外されました。これにより、所持や消費が広がり、公衆衛生、経済、社会に大きな影響を及ぼす可能性が生じています。これらの懸念に対応するため、2024年11月6日に保健省は大麻およびヘンプの栽培、生産、輸入、輸出、販売、広告を規制する新たな法案を内閣に提案しました。この法案は現在、内閣による審議中です。
法案の主な条項
A. 許可要件
この法案では、大麻、ヘンプおよびその抽出物の栽培、生産、輸入、販売には、タイ伝統医療·代替医療局長からの許可が必要とされています。
大麻またはヘンプの栽培許可申請は、栽培面積の規模に基づいて次のように分類されます:
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- 小規模: 5ライ(約1.98エーカー)以下
- 中規模: 5ライを超え20ライ(約7.91エーカー)以下
- 大規模: 20ライを超え400ライ(約158.16エーカー)以下
加えて、輸入および輸出には、取引ごとに特定の許可が必要です。
B. 免許不要の活動
以下の活動は、許可要件から免除されます:
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- 大麻およびヘンプの根、枝、葉、茎、種子の生産、輸出、または販売(ただし、大麻およびヘンプの花を除く)。
- 医師、歯科医師、タイ伝統医療師、応用タイ伝統医療師、中国伝統医療師、または民間医療師(タイ伝統医療職業法に基づく定義)の資格を有する医療従事者による、治療、ケア、苦痛の緩和、人間の疾患予防のための大麻、ヘンプおよびその抽出物の処方。
C. 申請資格
許可申請者には、以下の基準が適用されます:
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- 個人: タイ国籍を有し、20歳以上でタイに居住し、法的に禁止される要件に該当しないこと。
- 企業: タイ国内に拠点を持つタイ国籍の法人であり、取締役がタイ国籍で20歳以上、法的に禁止される要件に該当しないこと。
- 地域企業: 地域企業法に基づく法人格を持たない場合でも、代表者がタイ国籍で20歳以上であり、法的に禁止される要件に該当しないこと。
- 政府機関またはタイ赤十字社: 関連する法のもとで適切な責任を有すること。
D. 許可の有効期間および更新
許可の有効期間は発行日から3年間であり、有効期限が切れる前に更新する必要があります。
E. 大麻、ヘンプおよびその抽出物の使用制限
この法案では、大麻、ヘンプおよびその抽出物の消費を以下の場合を除き禁止しています:
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- 医師、歯科医師、タイ伝統医療師、応用タイ伝統医療師、中国伝統医療師、または民間医療師(タイ伝統医療職業法に基づく定義)の管理下で、治療、痛みの緩和、人間の健康維持または疾患予防に使用する場合。
- 政府機関による研究、医療研究、薬学研究、科学研究、医療または薬学サービス、赤十字の利用、または学術的利用のため。
- ハーブ製品、医療製品、食品製品、化粧品製品、または関連法で指定されたその他の製品の製造。
F. 手数料
許可手数料は、保健省が発行する省令で定められ、法案の付属書に記載された最大料金を上限とします。手数料の金額は、栽培面積、大麻およびヘンプまたはその抽出物の量、または事業の規模に応じて異なります。
G. 広告
この法案では、大麻の花や樹脂、ヘンプの花や樹脂、抽出物、喫煙器具や関連機器の広告を禁止しています。さらに、大麻、ヘンプまたはその抽出物に関する広告は、虚偽、誇張、または違法行為や非道徳的行為を助長してはなりません。
結論
新しい法案は、大麻およびヘンプ、およびその抽出物の栽培、生産、輸入、輸出、販売、広告に関する規制の枠組みを明確化し、既存の法律における重要な欠陥に対 処しています。その成立時期はまだ不確定ですが、内閣および議会による承認手続きが進行中であり、2025年第2四半期までには新法が施行される可能性があります。本法律が施行されれば、法的な明確性が向上するだけでなく、タイにおける大麻およびヘンプ産業の安定性と成長の可能性が強化され、投資家や起業家にとってより安全な環境が整います。
これらの変化に対応するビジネスについて、当事務所は、法的アドバイスと規制対応の専門的なサポートを提供し、このダイナミックな分野における新たな機会をつかむお手伝いをいたします。法的環境が変化する中で、貴社の成功に向けた信頼できるパートナーとして、当事務所をご活用ください。
著者:
Tanadee Pantumkomon, Partner
Wachinorot Siladet, Associate
Phoomphop Rungsri, Associate
カンボジア王国における外国人労働者雇用手続きに関する通知
概要:
カンボジア労働法(1997年3月13日制定、2007年、2018年、2021年改正)は、外国人労働者がカンボジア労働職業訓練省(MLVT)から労働許可証および雇用カードを取得することを義務付けています。2014年8月20日、MLVTは外国人労働者雇用に関する大臣令No. 196を発行し、続いて2024年8月12日には通知No. 022/24 ក.ប/ស.ជ.ណ.ម.ហを発表しました 。
主な規定:
1. 事業体設立の手続き:
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- (1) 事業体はカンボジア労働職業訓練省に対し、外国人労働者雇用許可証を申請しなければなりません。ただし、カンボジア人労働者総数の10%を超えてはなりません。
- (2) 雇用契約の登録が必要です。
- (3) 外国人労働許可証および外国人雇用カードを申請します。
2. 外国人労働者の手続き:
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- (1) 外国人は事業体の所有者または責任者に、労働職業訓練省が発行した外国人労働者雇用許可証を提示するよう依頼します。
- (2) 外国人は事業体の所有者または責任者と雇用契約を締結します。
- (3) 外国人労働許可証および外国人雇用カードを申請します。
3. 必要書類:
申請はウェブサイト www.fwcms.mlvt.gov.kh を通じて行い、以下の書類を提出します:
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- • パスポート
- • 最新の事業登録税証明書
- • 健康診断書
- • 4×6cmの写真
4. 罰則:
2025年内に労働許可証を申請しなかった場合、工場および事業体は、1人当たりKHR 12,600,000(約USD 3,150)の罰金を課されます。この罰金額は、2023年7月31日付の省間令No. 498の付属書1「労働法違反者への金銭的罰則」のNo.106に基づきます。
結論:
カンボジア労働法は、外国人労働者に対し、カンボジア労働職業訓練省(MLVT)から労働許可証および雇用カードを取得する義務を課しています。この法律は、雇用者および外国人労働者の双方に対し、必要書類の要件や不遵守に対する罰則(2025年には1人当たりKHR 12,600,000、約USD 3,150)を規定しています。
外国人労働者が労働許可証および雇用カードを取得した後は、カンボジア大使館、オンライン(www.evisa.gov.kh)、またはカンボジア国際国境にて労働ビザを申請することができます。これらの規定は労働基準の遵守を確保し、外国人労働者のカンボジア社会への統合を促進するものです。
- • 著者:
- • Vicheka Lay
- • Hort Lypheng
- • 連絡先:
Unlocking Opportunities in Senior and Dependent Care Businesses
According to Thailand’s National Statistical Office, the country officially entered the status of an “aged society” in 2024. This aligns with a global trend highlighted in a United Nations report, which underscores the increasing size and proportion of older individuals in populations worldwide.
As a prominent health and wellness hub, Thailand has experienced growing demand for health-focused services. To address this societal shift and tap into emerging opportunities, the government has introduced attractive incentives aimed at supporting the evolving needs of its aging population. These measures are designed to unlock potential in adapting to demographic changes while attracting investors to high-growth sectors such as senior and dependent care businesses.
The key details of these initiatives are outlined below:
1. Licenses
Senior and dependent care businesses, including day care centers, residential homes, and nursing homes, fall under the legal definition of the “Business of Caring for the Elderly or Dependent Persons” (collectively referred to as the “Business”). Operating such businesses requires a license, as stipulated by the Health Business Establishments Act B.E. 2559 (2016) and its amendments.
These businesses are further regulated under the Ministerial Regulation on the Specification of the Business of Caring for the Elderly or Dependent Persons as a Health Business Establishment B.E. 2563 (2020) (the “Ministerial Regulation”).
The Ministerial Regulation classifies this Business into three distinct categories, as outlined below:
No. | Categories | Criterion |
---|---|---|
1. | Day Care | : The business that provides day care services for the elderly or dependents, with activities to care for, promote and rehabilitate the health of the elderly or dependents without overnight stays. |
2. | Residential Home | : The business that provides services for the elderly, including activities to promote and rehabilitate the elderly by providing a place to stay. |
3. | Nursing Home | : The business that provides care and support of the elderly or dependents, including activities to care for, promote and rehabilitate the health of the elderly or dependent persons, with overnight stays. |
For each category, business owners must adhere to specific requirements, such as implementing enhanced safety measures for businesses offering overnight accommodations or residential services. Licensing costs also vary depending on the type of service provided and the size of the service area, which is calculated based on square meters.
To obtain the required license, applicants must submit an application form to the Health Service Support Center under the Department of Health Service Support, Ministry of Public Health.
2. Additional Requirements for Foreign Companies
Under Thailand’s Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 (1999) (the “FBA”), a company incorporated under a foreign law or a company incorporated under Thai law with foreign shareholders holding 50% or more of the shares is classified as a foreign company.
The business of health care is categorized as a business under List 3 of the FBA, in which a foreign company must obtain authorization from the Foreign Business Administration Division, under the Department of Business Development (DBD), Ministry of Commerce (MOC).
3. Business Incentives
- 3.1 Specific criteria on the Senior and Dependent Business
The incentives by the Board of Investment (the “BOI”) are outlined in the Announcement of the BOI No.9/2565, setting the criteria for entities operate the senior or dependent care business, as detailed below:No. Criteria Details 1. Nationality Must have Thai national shareholders holding 51 percent or more of its registered capital. 2. Compliance Must be a business focused on caring for the elderly or dependent persons. 3. Capacity Must have 31 or more beds for overnight stays of admitted patient. 4. Activity Must provide care and support for senior/dependent persons by allowing overnight stays and offering rehabilitation activities* 5. License Must obtain license to operate a health business establishment before exercising the incentive, and before the full operation deadline. 6. Minimum Investment Must have minimum capital of investment not less than 1 million Baht (excluding costs of land and working capital) - 3.2 Benefits
The entities being granted BOI incentives under the criteria are entitled to enjoy the benefits granted as follows:
No. Categories Details 1. Corporate Income Tax An exemption on the Corporate Income Tax for 3 years. 2. Import Duties An exemption on the import of 1) machinery, 2) raw materials used in R&D, and 3) raw materials used in production for export. 3. Non-tax Incentives Such as permits for owning land, permits to bring skilled persons and experts to work, visa and work permit benefits, etc.
In conclusion, as one of the world’s aging societies and a renowned global health and wellness destination, Thailand has experienced a growing demand for health-focused and well-being services. To support this trend, the government, through the Board of Investment (BOI), offers attractive incentives, including corporate income tax exemptions, reductions in import duties, and various non-tax benefits, specifically targeting high-potential sectors such as senior and dependent care businesses.
While foreign companies face additional operational requirements and are currently ineligible for BOI incentives due to structural restrictions, they still have opportunities to enter this promising sector. Operators must also comply with a range of licensing and legal obligations, including obtaining health business licenses and adhering to stringent safety and waste management regulations.
Despite these challenges, the senior and dependent care business sector presents significant investment potential in Thailand, underpinned by the country’s demographic trends and strong health and wellness reputation.
For businesses in the senior and dependent care sector, ILAWASIA provides expert legal advice and comprehensive regulatory support to ensure compliance and help clients capitalize on emerging opportunities in this dynamic industry. Let us be your trusted partner in navigating the evolving legal landscape and driving the success of your business.
Author:
Tanadee Pantumkomon, Partner;
Thanaphorn Kaewsukko, Associate; &
Kornkod Suk-aram, Associate.
ILAWASIA Earns Top Recognition from CleverThai Across Multiple Legal Practices
ILAWASIA has been recognized by CleverThai for our exceptional legal services in Bangkok, Thailand.
The recognition highlights our commitment to excellence and client satisfaction across multiple practice areas.
ILAWASIA has been listed as:
The Best Personal Injury Lawyers in Bangkok, Thailand: Recognized for our expertise in handling personal injury cases with compassion, precision, and dedication to achieving the best outcomes for our clients.
One of the Top Family Lawyers in Bangkok, Thailand: Celebrated for our ability to navigate sensitive family law matters, including divorce, child custody, prenuptial agreement, and will and testament.
One of the Best Property Lawyers in Bangkok, Thailand: Acknowledged for our proficiency in property law, offering comprehensive support in real estate transactions, property disputes, and regulatory compliance.
These accolades reflect our unwavering commitment to providing top-tier legal services tailored to the unique needs of our clients. We remain dedicated to upholding the highest standards of professionalism and legal expertise in all our practice areas.
Source:
cleverthai.com/best-personal-injury-lawyers-bangkok/
cleverthai.com/top-family-lawyers-bangkok/
cleverthai.com/best-property-lawyers-bangkok
New Draft Bill for Cannabis and Hemp of Thailand
Since 9 June 2022, cannabis and hemp are no longer classified as narcotics under the Narcotics Code, which may lead to widespread possession, consumption, and use. This situation could have significant impact on public health, economy, and society.
To address these concerns and align with government policy, on 6 November 2024, the Ministry of Public Health has proposed the Cabinet, a new draft bill to regulate the cultivation, production, import, export, sale, and advertisement of cannabis, hemp, and their extracts (the “Draft Bill”). The Draft Bill is currently under review and consideration by the Cabinet.
KEY PROVISIONS OF THE DRAFT BILL
A. Licensing Requirements
The Draft Bill establishes that the cultivation, production, import, and sale of cannabis, hemp, and their extracts require licenses from the Director-General of the Department of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine.
The application for a license to cultivate cannabis or hemp will be categorized based on the size of the cultivation area:
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- Small area : Not exceeding 5 rai (approximately 1.98 acres)
- Medium area : More than 5 rai but not exceeding 20 rai (approximately 7.91 acres)
- Large area : More than 20 rai but not exceeding 400 rai (approximately 158.16 acres)
-
In addition to a general license, the import and export of cannabis, hemp, and their extracts will require a specific permit for each transaction.
B. Exempt Activities
The Draft Bill exempts the following activities from licensing requirements:
-
-
- The production, export, or sale of roots, branches, leaves, stems, or seeds of cannabis or hemp (excluding cannabis and hemp flowers).
- The prescription of cannabis, hemp, or their extracts for the treatment, care, alleviation of human ailments, or disease prevention by licensed medical practitioners, dentists, Thai traditional medical practitioners, applied Thai traditional medical practitioners, Chinese medicine practitioners, or folk medical practitioners, as defined under the laws on Thai traditional medical professions.
-
C. Applicant Eligibility
Applicants for the licenses must not possess any prohibited characteristics as specified in the Draft Bill. In addition, the following eligibility criteria apply:
-
-
- Individuals must be Thai nationals, of at least 20 years old, and residents of Thailand and has no prohibited characteristics under the law.
- Companies must be Thai nationality with its office in Thailand, with directors who are Thai nationals and of at least 20 years old and has no prohibited characteristics under the law.
- A community enterprise that is not a legal entity under the law on community enterprises with its representative who is Thai national and of at least 20 years old and has no prohibited characteristics under the law.
- The Thai Red Cross Society or a government agency with related responsibilities under the law.
-
D. License Validity and Renewal
Licenses are valid for 3 years from the date of issuance and must be renewed before expiration.
E. Limitation on the Use of Cannabis, Hemp and Their Extracts
The Draft Bill prohibits any consumption of cannabis, hemp and their extracts, except the following cases:
-
-
- Treatment, relieve of pain for human and prevention from diseases including the use for wellness under the control of licensed medical practitioners, dentists, Thai traditional medical practitioners, applied Thai traditional medical practitioners, Chinese medicine practitioners, or folk medical practitioners, as defined under the laws on Thai traditional medical professions;
- Research by government authorities, research for medical study, pharmaceutical study or science, medical pharmaceutical or science service, for the benefit of medical use, pharmaceutical use, Red-Cross use or academic use; and
- Production of herbal products, medical products, food products, cosmetic products or other products as specified by relevant laws and regulations.
-
F. Fees
License fees will be determined by ministerial regulations issued by the Ministry of Public Health, subject to the maximum rates outlined in the annex to the Draft Bill. Fee amounts may vary based on the cultivation area, the quantities of cannabis, hemp or their extracts, or the size of the licensee’s business.
G. Advertisement
The Draft Bill prohibits the advertisement or marketing communication of cannabis flowers or resin, hemp flowers or resin, extracts, and tools or equipment related to cannabis smoking. Additionally, all other advertisements concerning cannabis, hemp, or their extracts must not be false, misleading, or exaggerated, nor support or encourage illegal or immoral actions.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the new Draft Bill offers a clearer regulatory framework for the cultivation, production, import, export, sale, and advertisement of cannabis, hemp, and their extracts, addressing significant gaps in the existing legislation. While the timeline for its enactment remains uncertain, the approval process by the Cabinet and Parliament is underway, with expectations that the new law could be in place by Q2 of 2025. Once enacted, this legislation will not only enhance legal clarity but also bolster the stability and growth potential of the cannabis and hemp industries in Thailand, creating a more secure environment for investors and entrepreneurs.
For businesses navigating these changes, ILAWASIA offers expert legal advice and regulatory support to help clients stay compliant and seize emerging opportunities in this dynamic sector. Let us be your trusted partner in ensuring your business thrives in the evolving legal landscape.
AUTHOR:
Tanadee Pantumkomon, Partner
Wachinorot Siladet, Associate
Phoomphop Rungsri, Associate
APAA 2024 Annual Conference
#APAA2024 We’re excited to join the Asian Patent Attorneys Association (APAA) 2024 annual conference in the vibrant city of Manila. A fantastic opportunity to connect with global IP leaders, share insights, and stay ahead of the curve in the world of intellectual property.
Stay tuned for updates as we make meaningful connections and explore the future of innovation! 💼📚
#ILAWASIA #Manila #IntellectualProperty #GlobalConnections #Innovation
ILAWASIA listed as ALB Fastest Growing Firms 2024.
“ILAWASIA Recognized as One of ALB’s Fastest Growing Firms 2024”
ILAWASIA Co., Ltd. is proud to be listed among the Fastest Growing Firms 2024 by Asian Legal Business (ALB). This recognition highlights our consistent growth, innovative approach, and unwavering commitment to delivering exceptional legal services across Southeast Asia.
The ALB Fast 30 list celebrates law firms that have significantly influenced the future of the legal industry in Asia, standing out as leaders in an increasingly competitive and dynamic market.
We extend our gratitude to our clients, partners, and dedicated team for their trust and contribution to this remarkable achievement. As we continue to expand and innovate, we remain committed to excellence in meeting the evolving needs of our clients in a dynamic legal landscape.
Source : https://www.legalbusinessonline.com/sites/default/files/e-magazines/ALB-ASIA-NOVEMBER-2024/
#ILAWASIA #ALB #ALBFast30 #FastestGrowingFirms2024 #AsianLegalBusiness #LegalExcellence #GlobalRecognition
A Notification of the Procedure for Employment of Foreign Labor in the Kingdom of Cambodia
Overview:
The Cambodian Labor Law, enacted on March 13, 1997, and amended in 2007, 2018, and 2021, requires foreign workers to obtain a work permit and employment card from the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training (MLVT). On August 20, 2014, MLVT issued Prakas No. 196 on foreign labor employment, followed by Notification No. 022/24 ក.ប/ស.ជ.ណ.ម.ហ, on August 12, 2024,
Key Provisions:
1. The Procedure for Enterprise Establishment:
- – Firstly, the enterprise shall apply for a letter permit of employment for foreigner labour from the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training, not more than 10% of the total number of Cambodian workers.
- – Secondly, registration of employment contract.
- – Lastly, apply for a foreigner work permit and foreigner employment card.
2. The Procedure for Foreigners:
- – Firstly, the foreigner shall request the owner or director of the enterprise to present a letter permit of employment for foreigner labour issued by the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training
- – Secondly, the foreigner shall sign an employment contract with the owner or director of the enterprise establishment.
- – Lastly, apply for a foreigner work permit and foreigner employment card.
3. Documents require
Submit the application on www.fwcms.mlvt.gov.kh with a passport, recent patent tax certificate, health checkup certificate, and a 4×6 cm photo.
4. Penalty
Failure to apply for a work permit for the year 2025 within the deadline shall result in factories and enterprises being subject to a penalty of KHR 12,600,000 (about USD3,150) per person, in accordance with the No.106 in Annex 1of PraKas of Inter-Ministerial No. 498 dated 31 July 2023 on the Monetary Fine for those who Violate the Labour Law.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Cambodian Labor Law mandates that foreign workers obtain a work permit and employment card from the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training (MLVT). The law outlines clear procedures for both employers and foreign workers, including documentation requirements and penalties for non-compliance, which may reach KHR 12,600,000 (approximately USD 3,150) per worker in 2025.
Once a foreigner obtains a work permit and employment card, a foreigner can apply for a work visa either at a Cambodian embassy abroad, online via www.evisa.gov.kh, or at Cambodia’s international borders. These regulations ensure adherence to labour standards and facilitate the integration of foreign labour in Cambodia.
Authors:
Vicheka Lay; and
Hort Lypheng
Contact Detail:
2025 Minimum Wage for Workers in Garment, Textile, Footwear, Travel Goods, and Bag Sectors under the Cambodian Minimum Wage Law
Overview:
Article 4 of the Law on Minimum Wage, enacted on July 6, 2018, states that the minimum wage is determined by a PraKas from the Minister of Labor. On September 20, 2024, the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training (MLVT) issued Prakas No. 221/24 ក.ប/ប្រ.ក.ខ.ល on determining the minimum wage for workers in the garment, textile, footwear, travel goods, and bag sectors, which will be effective from January 1, 2025. Any conflicting provisions of this Prakas are void.
Key provisions:
The previous minimum wage was $202 per month for probationary workers and $204 for regular workers, according to PraKas No. 283/23 ក.ប/ប្រ.ក.ខ.ល issued on September 29, 2023. Recently, in accordance with the Article 2 of Prakas No. 221/24 issued on September 20, 2024, by MLVT, workers in the garment, textile, footwear, travel goods, and bag sectors, will receive the following minimum wages:
1- For probationary workers is at $206 per month. At the end of the probationary period and became a full-time worker, the minimum wage shall increase to $208 per month.
2- For regular workers, the pay rate is based on production level. If this results in a rate above the minimum wage, workers receive the higher amount. If it falls below the minimum wage, the employer must adjust pay to meet the minimum wage ($206 per month for probationary workers and $208 per month for regular workers).
Other benefits for workers in the garment, textile, footwear, travel goods and bag sectors remain unchanged, including a transportation or accommodation allowance of $7 per month, an attendance bonus of $10 per month, a meal allowance for overtime working of $0.50 or one free meal, and a seniority bonus of $2 to $11 per month for workers with 2 to 11 years of services.
Penalties:
Under Article 24 of the Law on Minimum Wage 2018, employers who commit any of the following violations can be fined up to 40,000,000(forty million) Riels:
- the wage must be at least equal to the minimum wage set by a PraKas of the Minister of Labor .
- any agreement, written or oral, requiring wages below the legal minimum is null and void .
- in subcontracting or wage-based work, skilled workers should earn at least the guaranteed minimum wage. Workers who paid by the quantity of product must be paid based on their actual output. If their earnings exceed the minimum wage, they receive the extra. If it’s less, the employer must top it up to meet the guaranteed minimum wage .
- all workers covered by this law must be paid equally for the same work, skills, and conditions, regardless of origin, gender, or age .
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Article 4 of the Law on Minimum Wage establishes that the minimum wage is determined by a PraKas from the Minister of Labor. As of September 20, 2024, the Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training has set new minimum wages for workers in the garment, textile, footwear, travel goods, and bag sectors, effective January 1, 2025. Probationary workers will earn $206 per month, increasing to $208 upon full-time status, while regular workers’ pay is based on production levels, with provisions to ensure it meets the minimum wage. Additional benefits for these workers remain unchanged, and strict penalties are imposed for violations of the minimum wage laws, emphasizing the importance of fair compensation regardless of a worker’s origin, gender, or age.
Article 4 of the Law on Minimum Wage 2018.
Ibid., Article 6 Paragraph 1.
Ibid., Article 7.
Ibid., Article 8.
Attendance at the Cambodian Trust Law Seminar
On October 11, 2024, Vicheka Lay delegated Hort Lypheng, attended a “Trust Law” seminar by AmCam Exchange and CamEd University